COVID-19 VACCINATION
HPC donors
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should be considered high priorities for vaccination against COVID-19, and
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encouraged to
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vaccinate as early as possible.
In principle the vaccination should take precedence over the donation schedule, with donor mobilisation and/or collection scheduled around vaccine administration to allow appropriate intervals between vaccination, G-CSF mobilisation and collection.
HPC or MNC donation after COVID-19 vaccination
The necessarily rapid implementation of COVID-19 vaccines makes it very important to compile comprehensive and accurate side effect data
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. G-CSF can cause
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similar side effects, so an appropriate interval should be scheduled between vaccination and donor conditioning in order to minimise the risk of side effects combining or being attributed to the wrong injection.
In addition,
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it is recognised that a rare vaccine-induced
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immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia syndrome (
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TTS; aka
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VITT, VIPIT, VATT) can occur after the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines. While published evidence for an adverse immune interaction with G-CSF is so far lacking, it would be prudent to avoid G-CSF within the most likely period of
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TTS onset following vaccination – as well as apheresis and marrow collection in case of unrecognised thrombocytopaenia. Current data as of
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August 2021
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suggests that symptom onset can potentially occur 42 days or more after vaccination,
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though a clear majority of cases
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present within 28 days.
Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) has also been reported as a rare complication after all types of COVID-19 vaccine, prompting some countries to recommend a 14-day waiting period between vaccination and collection/G-CSF conditioning.
Recommendations: to avoid overlap or interaction between vaccine and G-CSF side effects, donor
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mobilisation should not commence until at least 24 hours after the complete resolution of vaccine side effects. Given that the immediate side effects
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of COVID-19 vaccination
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can last
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several days, G-CSF mobilisation in a volunteer HPC(A) donor should ideally be scheduled at least
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7 days after a COVID-19 vaccine dose
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to avoid an unexpected delay to G-CSF mobilisation due to
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persistent vaccine side effects. Where possible, a 14-day interval will also provide cover for the rare complication of ITP. The same
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intervals can also be applied to HPC(M) and MNC(A)
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collection.
For the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, and possibly other virus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines, a
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minimum 28-day interval between vaccination and G-CSF
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or collection would cover the onset of
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most TTS cases reported to date
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, while a 42-day interval would cover virtually all cases*.
A minimum 28-day interval will also cover the prevalent regulatory requirements for live/attenuated vaccines, in the case of a
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COVID-19 vaccine
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utilising a virus vector that is capable of replication
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.
Where available, using a COVID-19 vaccine that does not use a virus vector will therefore minimise delays for HPC(A) donors.
*The majority of TTS cases have been reported after the first dose of vaccine, and the risk appears to be much lower after the second dose. Therefore a shorter post-vaccine interval could be considered after the second dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine.
COVID-19 vaccination after HPC or MNC donation
While there is no evidence so far on the effect of HPC or MNC donation on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, there is a theoretical concern that a reduced number of immune effector cells could have an adverse effect on the immune response to vaccination.
This concern is tempered by a number of known factors:
- HPC(A) donation does not typically reduce white blood cell numbers, due to G-CSF mobilisation.
- HPC(M) donation only causes a minimal reduction in WBC numbers.
- This theoretical concern is not specific to COVID-19 vaccines, and there is a lack of existing evidence for such an effect on other vaccines.
In contrast to HPC donation, MNC(A) donation does result in a significant reduction in total white blood cell numbers. However, this is mitigated by the observation that peripheral WBC numbers after MNC(A) often remain as high or higher than pre-donation baseline levels due to natural mobilisation from peripheral pooling spaces.
Hence the physiological basis for this concern is limited, and provides little justification for a prolonged interval between MNC(A) and COVID-19 vaccination.
For the AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and possibly other virus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines, there is a theoretical concern that immune stimulation following G-CSF mobilisation could increase the risk of
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TTS. However, there is currently insufficient data to predict the safe post-HPC(A) interval in this situation, and perhaps the best strategy for donors for whom COVID-19 vaccination is indicated following HPC(A) collection will be to choose, where available, a vaccine that does not use a virus vector.
Recommendations: a COVID-19 vaccine should not be given until the donor has fully recovered from HPC or MNC donation.
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Virus vector vaccines could theoretically have a greater risk of TTS following G-CSF
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within an unknown
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timeframe, and where available it would be prudent to use an alternative vaccine that does not use a virus vector
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following HPC(A)
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donation.
Summary tables:
AFTER VACCINATION WITH: | DONATION MAY BE SCHEDULED: | |||||||||
A COVID-19 vaccine | with that utilises a virus vector | capable of replication· | · HPC(A) | , HPC(M) & MNC(A) – | collect no less than 28 days after vaccination.A COVID-19 vaccine with a virus vector that is not capable of replication | · HPC(A) – commence G-CSF no less than | 21 days 28 days, and where possible 42 days*, after vaccination. | · · HPC(M) & MNC(A) – collect no less than | 3 28 days, and where possible | 7 42 days*, after vaccination. |
Any other COVID-19 | vaccinesvaccine | · · HPC(A) – commence G-CSF no less than | 3 7 days, and where possible | 7 14 days, after vaccination. | · · HPC(M) & MNC(A) – collect no less than | 3 7 days, and where possible | 7 14 days, after vaccination. | |||
*A shorter interval may be considered after the second dose of a virus vector-based vaccine. | ||||||||||
AFTER DONATING: | COVID-19 VACCINATION MAY BE GIVEN: | ||
HPC(M) MNC(A) | ·
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HPC(A) | ·
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| after
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